[CAS NO. 1968-05-4]  3,3'-Diindolylmethane

DIM is a potent radioprotector and mitigator that functions by stimulating an ATM-driven DDR-like response and NF-κB survival signaling. DIM can inhibit invasion, angiogenesis, and proliferation and induce apoptosis in tumor cells by modulating signaling pathways involving AKT, NF-κB, and FOXO3. It can also inhibit estrogen-inducible gene expression and cause an endoplasmic reticulum stress response. DIM alters estrogen metabolism by shifting metabolism from carcinogenic 16α-hydroxy to inert 2-hydroxy derivatives, and it antagonizes estrogen and androgen receptor activity.